ฟันผุคืออะไร

ฟันผุเกิดจากกรดที่กัดกร่อนผิวฟันด้านนอก ซึ่งเป็นพื้นที่แข็งแรงของฟัน ซึ่งอยู่ด้านนอกนี้ เรียกว่า ผิวเคลือบฟัน (Enamel) ซึ่งกรดเหล่านี้ถูกสร้างขึ้นจาก คราบแบคทีเรีย หรือ พลัค (Plaque) ซึ่งเป็นแผ่นคราบเหลืองๆที่เกาะตามผิวฟัน

เชื้อโรคในคราบแบคทีเรีย ย่อยสลายอาหารประเภทน้ำตาล จึงมีกรดเกิดขึ้น ทำลายผิวเคลือบฟัน เรียกว่า ฟันผุ หากไม่ได้รับการรักษาฟันผุจะลุกลามจนเป็นโพรง

หากสงสัยว่ามีฟันผุ ควรรีบพบทันตแพทย์ ทันตแพทย์จะให้การรักษาโดยการ อุดฟัน ซึ่งจะช่วยหยุดยั้งการผุก่อนจะลุกลามจนกลายเป็นโพรงขนาดใหญ่

โดยปกติ ผิวของฟันจะถูกกรดแบคทีเรีย ทำให้อ่อนแอลงตลอดเวลา แต่อาจไม่ได้ลุกลามจนกลายเป็นฟันผุเสมอไป

เนื่องจากยังมีปัจจัยต่างๆ ที่ช่วยหยุดกระบวนการเกิดฟันผุและเพิ่มความแข็งแรงให้แก่ผิวฟัน ดังเช่น

น้ำลาย (Saliva) ซึ่งมีแร่ธาตุ ที่มีส่วนช่วยเพิ่มความแข็งแรงของผิวฟัน

ฟลูโอไรด์ (Fluoride) เป็นสารที่เติมในยาสีฟัน อีกทั้งในบางประเทศ มีเติมลงในน้ำประปาก็จะช่วยเพิ่มความแข็งแรงให้กับผิวฟันได้

 

ผิวเคลือบฟัน (Enamel) ชั้นแข็งด้านนอกของตัวฟัน

รอยผุ (Cavities) รูในผิวเคลือบฟันเกิดขึ้นได้ที่ด้านบด เคี้ยวและซอกฟัน

คราบแบคทีเรีย (Plaque) คราบเหนียวที่เกาะบนผิวฟัน สามารถสร้างกรดทำให้เกิดฟันผุได้

 

ข้อแนะนำเพื่อช่วยป้องกันฟันผุ

– หลีกเลี่ยงอาหารที่มีน้ำตาล ลดขนมขบเคี้ยวระหว่างมื้ออาหาร

จะช่วยลดการสร้างกรดจากคราบแบคทีเรีย ผิวฟันจึงไม่ต้องเผชิญกับการถูกทำลายจากกรดบ่อยครั้ง

– ทานน้ำมากๆ โดยเฉพาะเมื่อคุณทานยาบางชนิด

ยาบางชนิด ทำใหการสร้างน้ำลายลดน้อยลง

เพิ่มความเสี่ยงต่อการเกิดฟันผุ

– ใช้ยาสีฟัน หรือน้ำยาบ้วนปากที่ผสมฟลูโอไรด์

ฟลูโอไรด์ช่วยให้ผิวฟันแข็งแรงขึ้น

– พบทันตแพทย์อย่างน้อยปีละ 2 ครั้ง

ทันตแพทย์จะช่วยทำความสะอาดฟันและตรวจหาฟันผุ

 

ทันตแพทย์ตรวจหาฟันผุ

4 ขั้นตอนของการเกิดฟันผุ

ขั้นที่ 1 จุดสีขาวขุ่นหรือสีน้ำตาลบนผิวฟันอาจเป็นฟันผุระยะเริ่มต้น การแปรงฟันด้วยยาสีฟันผสมฟลูโอไรด์และการใช้ไหมขัดฟันจะช่วยป้องกันไม่ให้ลุกลามจนกลายเป็นโพรงฟันผุ

ขั้นที่ 2 ขั้นนี้รอยผุจะลุกลาม เกิดเป็นโพรงฟันผุ ที่ผิวเคลือบฟัน ซึ่งเป็นชั้นที่แข็งแรงด้านนอกสุด

ขั้นที่ 3 ขั้นนี้โพรงจะลุกลามถึงเนื้อฟันซึ่งเป็นชั้นที่อ่อนกว่าผิวเคลือบฟัน ทำให้ผุลุกลามได้อย่างรวดเร็ว

ขั้นที่ 4 หากไม่ได้รับการรักษา ก็จะลุกลามไปถึงโพรงประสารทฟัน กลายเป็นปัญหาที่รุนแรงขึ้น จึงควรพบทันตแพทย์เพื่อตรวจฟันอย่างสม่ำเสมอ

หากคุณมีฟันผุ ทันตแพทย์อาจแนะนำให้คุณอุดฟันใช้ฟลูโอไรด์ หรือวิธีการรักษาแบบอื่นๆ

 

 

 

ข้อเท็จจริงเกี่ยวกับฟันผุ

– ฟันผุเกิดจากการที่กรดกันกร่อนผิวเคลือบฟัน

– ฟันผุทำให้เกิดเป็นรูที่ฟัน เรียกว่าโพรงฟันผุ

– ฟันผุสามารถป้องกันได้โดยการแปรงฟัน ใช้ไหมขัดฟัน

– ยาสีฟันหรือน้ำยาบ้วนปาก ที่มีฟลูโอไรด์ จะช่วยให้ฟันแข็งแรงและป้องกันฟันผุได้

 

สนใจข้อแนะนำเพิ่มเติมในการป้องกันฟันผุ ปรึกษาทันตแพทย์หรือเยี่ยมชมเว็บไซต์ o


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36 responses to “ฟันผุ?”

  1. Each lanosterol and cycloartenol derive from
    cyclization of the triterpenoid squalene.[4] Lanosterol and cycloartenol are
    sometimes referred to as protosterols as a result of they function the starting compounds
    for all different steroids. Checking baseline levels must be thought-about for the patient’s peak
    and weight, blood pressure, bone mass density, ophthalmologic exam,
    blood glucose, and lipid panel. Kids and adolescents advantage particular
    consideration because of the chance of progress suppression.[2] A evaluation of
    puberty and dietary status is necessary for any children or adolescents who are candidates for corticosteroid therapy.
    Trenbolone and Deca Durabolin are each injectable bulking
    steroids, yet they are completely unique of their pharmacology and results.

    Hence, all of those familiar steroid side effects are usually not going to be points with HGH.

    In short, this can be a fully completely different
    kind of hormone with a different facet impact profile. And unwanted effects are not
    going to be gender particular for probably the most half, as is the case with steroids.
    Females can use HGH and anticipate a similar expertise
    to male customers. HGH is an excellent, supportive, and synergistic
    hormone to use with steroids as a result of excellent synergy they have and differing mechanisms of
    motion. HGH will enhance and construct upon the consequences of steroids, helping you to get even more out of a cycle.

    Notably, the identity of the autoacylated cysteine
    stays unknown. Mutagenesis solely reveals that the cysteine in the
    DHHC area is necessary for autoacylation as a end result of it is required for catalytic exercise.
    One Other caspase-cleaved protein, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2),
    can be post-translationally myristoylated.276 The myristoylation and the polybasic region are
    enough to relocalize the C-terminal of PAK2 (ctPAK2) from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and membrane ruffles.
    The overexpression of ctPAK2 has been proven to induce cell dying.306 To examine the
    role of myristoylation in apoptosis, the proportion of cell demise was compared between myristoylatable
    and non-myristoylatable ctPAK2, the latter of which impaired the apoptotic effect.
    The non-myristoylatable mutant less effectively activated Jun N-terminal kinase
    phosphorylation and signaling, a pathway known to be involved in apoptosis.

    Many viruses and bacteria exploit host N-glycine myristoylation methods for successful
    colonization. Many particular GGT-1 inhibitors have been identified and present therapeutic results (Figure 11).158–166 Dual inhibitors for FT and GGT-1167–169 and combination therapies using FT inhibitors with GGT-1 inhibitors
    or different agents153,170–174 have additionally been reported.
    About 300 of steroid medication have been recognized since the analysis and growth to steroid medicine was triggered in 1950’s.

    Particular inhibitors of GGT-1 and RGGT and twin inhibitors
    of FT and GGT-1. The mevalonate pathway (also known as HMG-CoA
    reductase pathway) begins with acetyl-CoA and ends with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP).
    A steroid is an organic compound with 4
    fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a selected molecular configuration. Trenbolone will trigger considerably more cardiac hypertrophy (enlargement of
    the heart) and enhance the danger of atherosclerotic
    plaque in our experience (11). Based on our testing, we contemplate trenbolone to be one of the most
    potent and harshest AAS, whereas Deca Durabolin is delicate and
    FDA-approved (in medicine). Research point out that Deca Durabolin is mostly well-tolerated by
    girls when taken in dosages of one hundred mg (6), administered every different
    week for 12 weeks (thus translating as 50 mg/week).

    A Number Of non-peptide small-molecule inhibitors for GOAT have also been reported, including
    some triterpenoid compounds that act as covalent reversible inhibitors.773,
    774 However, the in vivo results of these compounds haven’t been reported.
    Cdc42 belongs to the Rho GTPase family and regulates cell polarity, migration, and progression.678,679 Cdc42 has two isoforms.
    The ubiquitously expressed isoform 1 (aCdc42) contains a CaaX motif and is both farnesylated or
    geranylgeranylated. There is no additional cysteine close to the CaaX motif, and thus,
    aCdc42 is not palmitoylated. Isoform 2 (bCdc42) is expressed
    particularly in the mind.680 It incorporates a novel CCaX motif by which the first cysteine is farnesylated.
    The protein is first farnesylated within the ER, followed by RCE1 and ICMT-mediated cleavage
    of aaX and carboxylmethylation of the terminal prenylcysteine.
    Then bCdc42 binds to RhoGDIα and travels to the plasma membrane.132
    The other processing pathway bypasses the proteolysis step,
    and palmitoylation happens on the second cysteine of the CCaX motif.113,681 Then, bCdc42 is localized to the Golgi
    and travels to the plasma membrane via vesicular transport.

    HGH has a quantity of medical makes use of, and more potential
    makes use of are being researched on an everyday basis, ranging from the therapy of
    debilitating circumstances proper via to extra therapeutic and anti-aging functions.
    Fatty acids are synthesized by a multistep route that begins with acetate.
    The first step is a response between protein-bound acetyl
    and malonyl units to offer a protein-bound 3-
    ketobutyryl unit. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) has estrogenic activity despite the fact that it is structurally unrelated to steroids.

    Once used as an additive in animal feed, DES has been implicated as a
    causative agent in several types of cancer. Show how DES could be drawn in order that it
    is sterically much like estradiol. Suggest a mechanism by which ψ-ionone is reworked into β-ionone on treatment with acid.

    We discover this cycle better suited to someone apprehensive about gynecomastia, as an aromatase inhibitor (AI) can be taken, synergistically reducing estrogen and progesterone ranges.
    Testosterone and Deca Durabolin is likely one of the least toxic stacks a bodybuilder
    can utilize in regard to unwanted effects.
    SERMs similar to Clomid or Nolvadex can inhibit estrogen activity on the
    receptor degree, thus stopping gynecomastia from Anadrol.

    An AI (aromatase inhibitor) shall be ineffective for treating Anadrol’s estrogenic results,
    as Anadrol doesn’t aromatize however instead instantly stimulates the estrogen receptors.
    Progesterone is a feminine intercourse hormone (like estrogen) that has a stimulating effect
    on breast tissue in the mammary glands, probably causing gynecomastia.

    Primary cultures of cortical neurons have been ready from 1 day-old male rats
    [41]. After re-suspension within the plating medium, the cells were counted after which plated on poly-l-lysine (5 μg/mL)-coated dishes at a density of
    2.5 × 106 cells/dish or on poly-l-lysine (5 μg/mL)-coated 24-well plates at a density
    of 0.5 × 106 cells/dish. The plating medium consisted of Eagle’s Basal Medium supplemented with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum, 25 mM
    KCl, 2 mM glutamine and a hundred μg/mL gentamycine.
    Cultures were grown at 37 °C in a humidified environment of 5% CO2/95% air.

    Notably, DHHC6 exists in a quantity of differentially palmitoylated states with variable activity
    and stability. This advanced regulatory mechanism is reminiscent of that of protein phosphorylation and additional highlights the importance of protein acylation. BASP1 binds to WT1 and mediates its transcriptional repression perform.
    Notably, in contrast with WT BASP1, non-myristoylatable
    BASP1 exhibits considerably decreased transcriptional repression. Nevertheless, non-myristoylatable BASP1 fails to recruit histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 to the promoters of WT1 goal genes and exhibits increased
    histone H3K9 acetylation,293 which means that myristoylation might
    regulate protein-protein interaction. Yes, one of many big benefits of HGH is that ladies can use it without the virilization that comes with utilizing anabolic Steroid Injectable For sale steroids.

  2. Moreover, implementing progressive resistance coaching and
    adequate rest periods are essential for optimal muscle growth.
    Before steroid use, the bodybuilder displayed outstanding dedication to
    training and food regimen regime but struggled to achieve the specified muscle mass and definition. Before turning to steroids,
    bodybuilders adhere to strict exercise routines and diets emphasizing pure growth and energy.

    Exceeding MRV can result in overtraining, inflicting fatigue, efficiency decline, and damage danger.
    Progressive overload is vital, but staying under MRV ensures sustainable
    positive aspects when usining muscle steroids. Dianabol in excessive doses
    might considerably compromise a user’s health, significantly in regard
    to cholesterol and liver values.
    Bodybuilders have been utilizing steroids since eternally to get larger, muscular and
    freakier. It has very properly reached to a degree that most top-level bodybuilders
    don’t even look aesthetically pleasing anymore, as
    a substitute, are full freak shows. We have seen anabolic
    steroids change the structure of a person’s face, giving it a extra
    masculine appearance, particularly the jawline. Dianabol is a steroid
    that may add as much as 50 pounds of mass to customers when cycled multiple times and stacked with different
    bulking steroids.
    Dosages of 4 g/day have successfully treated coronary artery disease and reduced incidents of sudden cardiac death (2).
    We have also found Anavar to increase T3 (triiodothyronine) ranges (1), while bettering insulin sensitivity,
    resulting in a discount in subcutaneous and visceral
    fat. Thus, females can benefit from a simultaneous muscle-building and fat-burning effect.

    Anavar is the most well-liked anabolic steroid amongst girls, because of the few instances
    of virilization in our experience. Any more than that, and you don’t get higher advantages,
    but a lot more side effects, like visceral fat and abdomen distension.
    Deca Durabolin additionally will get a lot of respect
    for its joint lubricating results. Bodybuilders at all levels respect its ability to alleviate discomfort and enhance flexibility during intense exercises.
    Lastly, ensure that you all the time confirm
    whether or not the steroids you want to use are legalized in your area so that you won’t be in any
    type of trouble.
    Some people use AASs unlawfully to spice up muscle size, power, and stamina, as nicely as to scale back the time it takes to recuperate between exercises.
    Non-medical use of steroids can contain portions from 10 to a
    hundred instances the quantity used for medical purposes.

    “Designer” steroids are sometimes produced to enable athletes to move doping checks.

    For females, the danger of masculinization increases when dosages exceed 10
    mg per day or cycles surpass four weeks. Anavar is a typical alternative among novices as a result of its simultaneous discount of fats mass and increase of lean muscle.

    Moreover, it’s an oral treatment, requiring no injections.
    By supporting muscle preservation and potentially aiding fats loss,
    B-AET can optimize total performance throughout chopping phases.
    Bloodwork 4–6 weeks post-PCT is crucial to ensure your natural
    testosterone and total hormone profile have returned to
    baseline.
    Thus, ladies vulnerable to low energy ranges and decreased temper post-cycle may profit from administering PCT following Winstrol use.
    Winstrol has a transient impact on testosterone levels, initially spiking and then dropping post-cycle.
    Thus, customers will experience low testosterone for
    several weeks or months following Winstrol use. Analysis has proven that a small dose of Winstrol, 6 mg/day for six
    weeks, was sufficient for HDL levels to fall by
    33% and LDL ranges to extend by 29% (4).

    Considering bodybuilders can take 4x more than this dose, this
    demonstrates the level of cardiac toxicity with Winstrol. Analysis has shown that Anavar can cut back high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
    ldl cholesterol notably, increasing the danger of hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy,
    and myocardial infarction (11).
    Some of our patients have even reported a visible distinction in muscle
    fullness or dryness in a matter of hours. Nonetheless, other steroids are slower to take effect as a result of their longer esters.
    However, some steroids are FDA-approved in drugs, so medical doctors can prescribe sure compounds (like testosterone) throughout the
    confines of the legislation.
    Like Dianabol, Deca improves protein synthesis while also bettering nitrogen retention to shift the body into
    a highly anabolic state. Steroid Submit Cycle Therapy (PCT) For Beginner CyclesCommon PCT medicine are Nolvadex and Clomid,
    which might be run for 4-6 weeks. PCThelps maintain features
    with minimal unwanted effects and allows the restoration of hormonalbalance.
    Deca-Durabolin Cycle (Nandrolone)Deca-Durabolin is
    potent, so start with caution. An optimal dose is 200 to 400mg weekly for12 weeks, selling muscle constructing and joint therapeutic.

    Throughout the reduce cycle, Winstrol and Anavar preserve lean tissue and
    optimize fat loss. On the strength gaining cycle, the
    athletes primarily apply oral steroids like Anadrol, Dianabol, and Trenbolone
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    Nevertheless, utilizing anabolic steroids purely to increase muscle size
    and energy, especially and not using a prescription, is considered abuse.
    In the Usa, most anabolic steroids are regulated by the Controlled Substances Act, and it is illegal to own them with no prescription.

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  4. It’s necessary to notice that anabolic steroids are categorized as Schedule III medicine
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    If you’re interested by the advantages of prohormones, how they work, and whether or not they’re right for you, this
    information is precisely what you want.
    They’ve been round for years, yet only a small group of elite athletes and bodybuilders totally
    understand their potential. Aside from this basic precept, testosterone boosters are numerous of their ingredient combine.

    Of course, there is a raft of counterfeits on the
    market so on this point, I’m referring to reliable products.

    It was extensively favored for increasing lean muscle mass, strength, and endurance whereas maintaining a “dry” look with minimal water retention. Liver toxicity was a primary concern, particularly with excessive doses or extended
    use. On high of that, it also suppressed natural testosterone manufacturing, meaning it required post cycle therapy to help
    users get well. Finally, Epistane was banned and disappeared from the market altogether.
    Methylated pro-hormones are potent anabolic steroids which affect muscle
    tissues.
    Low doses of pro-hormone might not cause the specified quantity of muscle gain. Although
    many people use these dietary supplements to gain muscle, the outcomes will not be as desired.

    Nitric-Max is an superior bodybuilding supplement formulated
    to assist in the direction of blood circulate & oxygen circulation, rising
    your energy, vitality & restoration. Many users are known to add to the extent
    of 30 kilos of muscle mass to their bodies after
    following only one six-week cycle. They aren’t hormones in themselves both, since the physique must
    course of them into hormones.
    So, after supplement producers released the primary otc steroids
    (mitsfs-wiki.Mit.Edu), the term “PH”
    was accepted with little resistance. With such little data obtainable on the subject at that time and with these compounds being utterly unknown to the BB’ing community,
    this is not shocking. With oral administration being the only legal option and with
    no supply system in place to guard the molecule from degradation,
    little or no of the steroid was able to survive the digestive process.
    Up to 95%+ of the PH never made it into the bloodstream and with conversion happening a relatively
    low price, results were basically non-existent. On the other hand, when injected at adequate dosages, 4-AD was capable of producing significant outcomes, although these outcomes have been due
    principally to 4-AD itself…not conversion to testosterone.
    It was extra of the same with 19-nor; no
    supply system, mediocre conversion fee, etc. After identifying these
    shortcomings, some producers released a transdermal
    version of those compounds.
    These are to do with our body’s muscle mass and are additionally referred
    to as androgens. Steroids function indicators for steroid hormone receptors spread everywhere in the human physique.

    It’s how they make folks manlier, as they can trigger an everyday release of testosterone.
    In addition, a healthcare skilled can help decide the appropriate quantity of protein and
    different nutrition you should attain your body composition objectives safely and successfully.

    The researchers found that sufferers supplementing with prohormones throughout
    later levels of the illness obtained little profit.
    Solely the patients within the early levels of
    the disease had some measurable degree of success throughout their medical treatment with prohormone
    supplementation. A few medical studies have investigated the effectiveness of prohormones.

    In settlement, in the POU1F1 lineage, we observe proliferation of both POU1F1+ve;hormone-ve progenitors
    and POU1F1+ve;hormone+ve cells. In the adult, endocrine
    cells maintain their capacity to divide, and that is enough, at least for corticotrophs, to
    make sure their turn-over in physiological conditions44, with
    no requirement for stem cells45. We then analysed the progeny of SCs in Sox2rtTA;
    eYFP pituitaries induced at delivery, from P5 and up to one year (Fig.
    3A). We observe eYFP;hormone double+ve cells for all lineages, as proven previously11,12.
    We quantified SC post-natal contribution to each anterior lobe endocrine population from P5 to one-year old, in both sexes (Fig.
    3B, C, Supplementary Desk 4). At all ages examined, postnatal SCs contribute little or no to somatotroph
    and thyrotroph populations, both under 1%.
    A higher proportion of SC progeny is famous in lactotrophs and corticotrophs, ranging from 7 to 12%.

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